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It was called terra rossa red earth , terra gialla , or terra di Siena. During the Renaissance , it was noted by the most widely read author about painting techniques, Giorgio Vasari , under the name terra rossa.
It became, along with umber and yellow ochre, one of the standard browns used by artists from the 16th to 19th centuries, including Caravaggio and Rembrandt , who used all the earth colours, including ochre, sienna and umber, in his palette.
By the s, the traditional sources in Italy were nearly exhausted. Much of today's sienna production is carried out in the Italian islands of Sardinia and Sicily , while other major deposits are found in the Appalachian Mountains , where it is often found alongside the region's iron deposits.
In the 20th century, pigments began to be produced using synthetic iron oxide rather than the natural earth. The labels on paint tubes indicate whether they contain natural or synthetic ingredients.
PY indicates natural raw sienna, PR indicates natural burnt sienna. Giorgio Vasari used earth colors, including ochre and sienna, in his frescos, including this painting in the Hall of the Five Hundred at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence.
Rembrandt van Rijn used all the earth pigments, including sienna, ochre and umber, to create his rich and complex browns.
There is no single agreed standard for the colour of sienna, and the name is used today for a wide variety of hues and shades.
They vary by country and colour list, and there are many proprietary variations offered by paint companies. Raw sienna is a yellowish-brown natural earth pigment, [2] composed primarily of iron oxide hydroxide.
The box shows the colour of the pigment in its natural, or raw state. It contains a large quantity of iron oxide and a small quantity about five percent of manganese oxide.
This kind of pigment is known as yellow ochre, yellow earth, limonite, or terra gialla. The pigment name for natural raw sienna from the Colour Index International , shown on the labels of oil paints, is PY Burnt sienna contains a large proportion of anhydrous iron oxide.
It is made by heating raw sienna, which dehydrates the iron oxide, changing it partially to haematite, giving it rich reddish-brown colour.
The pigment is also known as red earth, red ochre, and terra rossa. The first recorded use of burnt sienna as a colour name in English was in It is considerably lighter than most other versions of burnt sienna.
It was a mix of burnt orange and raw sienna. This infobox shows the colour dark sienna. The web colour sienna is defined by the list of X11 colours used in web browsers and web design.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the clay used for pigments. For the Italian city, see Siena.
For other uses, see Sienna disambiguation. After being heated, the pigment has become the colour known as burnt sienna. Blue and yellow don't make green.
School of Color. Retrieved October 19, Groupe Eyrolles. Google Books. Archived from the original on 22 November It was not sited near any major roads and lacked opportunities for trade.
Its insular status meant that Christianity did not penetrate until the 4th century AD, and it was not until the Lombards invaded Siena and the surrounding territory that it knew prosperity.
Siena prospered as a trading post, and the constant streams of pilgrims passing to and from Rome provided a valuable source of income in the centuries to come.
The oldest aristocratic families in Siena date their line to the Lombards' surrender in to Charlemagne. At this point, the city was inundated with a swarm of Frankish overseers who married into the existing Sienese nobility and left a legacy that can be seen in the abbeys they founded throughout Sienese territory.
This ultimately resulted in the creation of the Republic of Siena. The Republic existed for over four hundred years, from the 12th century until the year During the golden age of Siena before the Black Death in , the city was home to 50, people.
In the Italian War of —59 , the republic was defeated by the rival Duchy of Florence in alliance with the Spanish crown. After 18 months of resistance, Siena surrendered to Spain on 17 April , [7] marking the end of the republic.
The new Spanish King Felipe II , owing huge sums to the Medici , ceded it apart from a series of coastal fortress annexed to the State of Presidi to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , to which it belonged until the unification of Italy in the 19th century.
A Republican government of Sienese families in Montalcino resisted until Siena is located in the central part of Tuscany , in the middle of a vast hilly landscape between the Arbia river valley south , the Merse valley south-west , the Elsa valley north , the Chianti hills north-east , the Montagnola Senese west and the Crete Senesi south-east.
Siena has a typical inland Mediterranean climate. July is the hottest month, with an average temperature of A proposed expansion of the eastern transept would have transformed the church into an ambitiously massive basilica, the largest then in the world, with an east—west nave.
However, the scarcity of funds, in part due to war and the Black Death, truncated the project. Two walls of this expanded eastern transept remain; through an internal staircase, visitors can climb for a grand view of the city.
The Siena Cathedral Pulpit is an octagonal 13th-century masterpiece sculpted by Nicola Pisano with lion pedestals and biblical bas-relief panels.
The inlaid marble mosaic floor of the cathedral, designed and labored on by many artists, is among the most elaborate in Italy. The Sacristy and Piccolomini library have well preserved Renaissance frescos by Ghirlandaio and Pinturicchio respectively.
Other sculptors active in the church and in the subterranean baptistry are Donatello , Lorenzo Ghiberti , Jacopo della Quercia and others.
More Sienese paintings are to be found in the Pinacoteca, e. The Piazza del Campo , the shell-shaped town square, unfurls before the Palazzo Pubblico with its tall Torre del Mangia.
This is part of the site for the Palio horse race. The Palazzo Pubblico, itself a great work of architecture, houses yet another important art museum.
Included within the museum is Ambrogio Lorenzetti 's frescoes depicting the Allegory and Effects of Good and Bad Government and also some of the finest frescoes of Simone Martini and Pietro Lorenzetti.
The Palazzo Salimbeni , located in a piazza of the same name, was the original headquarters and remains in possession of the Monte dei Paschi di Siena , one of the oldest banks in continuous existence in Europe.
The historic Siena synagogue is also preserved and open to visitors. In the neighbourhood are numerous patrician villas, some of which are attributed to Baldassarre Peruzzi :.
Siena retains a ward-centric culture from medieval times. Each ward contrada is represented by an animal or mascot, and has its own boundary and distinct identity.
Ward rivalries are most rampant during the annual horse race Palio in the Piazza del Campo. The Palio di Siena is a traditional medieval horse race run around the Piazza del Campo twice each year, on 2 July and 16 August.
The event is attended by large crowds, and is widely televised. Over the centuries, Siena has had a rich tradition of arts and artists.
A number of well-known works of Renaissance and High Renaissance art still remain in galleries or churches in Siena.
And his Madonna and Child with Saints polyptych , painted between and , remains at the city's Pinacoteca Nazionale. Agriculture constitutes Siena's primary industry.
As of [update] , Siena's agricultural workforce comprises companies with a total area of The industrial sector of the Sienese economy is not very developed.
However, the area has seen recent growth in important core manufacturing enterprises. The confectionery industry is one of the most important of the traditional sectors of the secondary industry, because of the many local specialties.
Among the best known are Panforte , a precursor to modern fruitcake, Ricciarelli biscuits, made out of almond paste, and the well-known gingerbread , and the horses.
Also renowned is Noto, a sweet made out of honey, almonds and pepper. The area known for making these delicacies ranges between Tuscany and Umbria.
Other seasonal specialties are the chestnut and the pan de 'Santi or Pan co' Santi traditionally prepared in the weeks preceding the Festival of Saints , 1 November.
All are marketed both industrial and artisan bakeries in different cities. The area has also seen a growth in biotechnology.
Novartis developed and produced vaccines and employed about a thousand people. In , the research plant in Siena became part of Glaxo Smith Kline , as part of a deal between Novartis and this firm.
In this area, the most important financial activities are those related to the bank Monte dei Paschi di Siena , the oldest bank still in existence, headquartered in Siena, which has been operating continuously since There are also important appearances of the university and the hospital, which employ thousands of people and serves a catchment area much wider than the already large territory province.
In the territory there is a dense network of micro-enterprises less than 10, active in trade and tourism. In the last ten years [ which?
As a result, the town can claim that almost every house is wired for cable. The wiring, built by private companies in partnership with the city, helped to create a civic public station Channel Civic Sienese cable that transmits information and local news and gives access to Internet broadband.
In , however, the station was privatised, separating the TV from the Internet. The wiring is currently extending to major centres of the province through another company set up ad hoc earth cable.
Siena has enjoyed a long tradition in sports. Basketball and football are perhaps the most popular in Siena, but other sports such as rugby and athletics are also practised.
Associazione Calcio Siena football was founded in and fully established in It was first promoted to Italy's top league, Serie A , for the —04 season and stayed in this serie for 9 seasons.
Currently it is in Lega Pro league. The club hosts its games at the Stadio Artemio Franchi. The premier society of men's basketball in Siena was called Mens Sana Basket also referred to by its sponsored name of Montepaschi Siena.
It is also the oldest sports society in Siena. Mens Sana Basket participated in the highest level of play in Italy, Lega Basket Serie A , and it has won the national championship eight times, with a streak of seven and — The team host their home games at PalaEstra indoor arena.
Like the local football team, the club went through financial issues in , and its place was taken by the new club Mens Sana , currently in the Serie A2 league.
The city co-hosted the EuroBasket Siena hosts the start and finish of the Strade Bianche , a professional cycling race famous for its historic white gravel roads, called strade bianche or sterrati in Italian.
The finish is on the Piazza del Campo , after a steep and narrow climb on the roughly-paved Via Santa Caterina leading into the center of the medieval city.